{"id":2908,"date":"2021-10-08T18:04:49","date_gmt":"2021-10-08T18:04:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/?p=2908"},"modified":"2021-10-12T20:01:03","modified_gmt":"2021-10-12T20:01:03","slug":"case-studies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/?p=2908","title":{"rendered":"Case Studies"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;background-color:#ffffff;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><h2 class=\"fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"text-align: center; --fontsize: 34; line-height: 1.47; font-size: 32px;\" data-fontsize=\"34\" data-lineheight=\"49.98px\" data-fusion-font=\"true\">                                      Mission Possible!<\/h2>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width:100%;max-width:20PX;\"><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 a:not(.awb-custom-text-color):not(.fusion-button):not(.fusion-builder-module-control):not(.fusion-social-network-icon):not(.fb-icon-element):not(.fusion-countdown-link):not(.fusion-rollover-link):not(.fusion-rollover-gallery):not(.fusion-button-bar):not(.add_to_cart_button):not(.show_details_button):not(.product_type_external):not(.fusion-view-cart):not(.fusion-quick-view):not(.fusion-rollover-title-link):not(.fusion-breadcrumb-link) , .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 a:not(.awb-custom-text-color):not(.fusion-button):not(.fusion-builder-module-control):not(.fusion-social-network-icon):not(.fb-icon-element):not(.fusion-countdown-link):not(.fusion-rollover-link):not(.fusion-rollover-gallery):not(.fusion-button-bar):not(.add_to_cart_button):not(.show_details_button):not(.product_type_external):not(.fusion-view-cart):not(.fusion-quick-view):not(.fusion-rollover-title-link):not(.fusion-breadcrumb-link):before, .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 a:not(.awb-custom-text-color):not(.fusion-button):not(.fusion-builder-module-control):not(.fusion-social-network-icon):not(.fb-icon-element):not(.fusion-countdown-link):not(.fusion-rollover-link):not(.fusion-rollover-gallery):not(.fusion-button-bar):not(.add_to_cart_button):not(.show_details_button):not(.product_type_external):not(.fusion-view-cart):not(.fusion-quick-view):not(.fusion-rollover-title-link):not(.fusion-breadcrumb-link):after {color: #76c043;}.fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 a:not(.awb-custom-text-hover-color):not(.fusion-button):not(.fusion-builder-module-control):not(.fusion-social-network-icon):not(.fb-icon-element):not(.fusion-countdown-link):not(.fusion-rollover-link):not(.fusion-rollover-gallery):not(.fusion-button-bar):not(.add_to_cart_button):not(.show_details_button):not(.product_type_external):not(.fusion-view-cart):not(.fusion-quick-view):not(.fusion-rollover-title-link):not(.fusion-breadcrumb-link):hover, .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 a:not(.awb-custom-text-hover-color):not(.fusion-button):not(.fusion-builder-module-control):not(.fusion-social-network-icon):not(.fb-icon-element):not(.fusion-countdown-link):not(.fusion-rollover-link):not(.fusion-rollover-gallery):not(.fusion-button-bar):not(.add_to_cart_button):not(.show_details_button):not(.product_type_external):not(.fusion-view-cart):not(.fusion-quick-view):not(.fusion-rollover-title-link):not(.fusion-breadcrumb-link):hover:before, .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 a:not(.awb-custom-text-hover-color):not(.fusion-button):not(.fusion-builder-module-control):not(.fusion-social-network-icon):not(.fb-icon-element):not(.fusion-countdown-link):not(.fusion-rollover-link):not(.fusion-rollover-gallery):not(.fusion-button-bar):not(.add_to_cart_button):not(.show_details_button):not(.product_type_external):not(.fusion-view-cart):not(.fusion-quick-view):not(.fusion-rollover-title-link):not(.fusion-breadcrumb-link):hover:after {color: #76c043;}.fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .pagination a.inactive:hover, .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-filters .fusion-filter.fusion-active a {border-color: #76c043;}.fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .pagination .current {border-color: #76c043; background-color: #76c043;}.fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-filters .fusion-filter.fusion-active a, .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-date-and-formats .fusion-format-box, .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-popover, .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .tooltip-shortcode {color: #76c043;}#wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .fusion-vertical-menu-widget .menu li.current_page_ancestor > a, #wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .fusion-vertical-menu-widget .menu li.current_page_ancestor > a:before, #wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .fusion-vertical-menu-widget .current-menu-item > a, #wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .fusion-vertical-menu-widget .current-menu-item > a:before, #wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .fusion-vertical-menu-widget .current_page_item > a, #wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .fusion-vertical-menu-widget .current_page_item > a:before {color: #76c043;}#wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .widget_nav_menu .menu li.current_page_ancestor > a, #wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .widget_nav_menu .menu li.current_page_ancestor > a:before, #wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item > a, #wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item > a:before, #wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .widget_nav_menu .current_page_item > a, #wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .widget_nav_menu .current_page_item > a:before {color: #76c043;}#wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-vertical-menu-widget .menu li.current_page_item > a { border-right-color:#76c043;border-left-color:#76c043;}#wrapper .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .fusion-widget-area .tagcloud a:hover { color: #fff; background-color: #76c043;border-color: #76c043;}#main .fusion-fullwidth.fusion-builder-row-1 .post .blog-shortcode-post-title a:hover {color: #76c043;}.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-1{ padding-top : 1%;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 1%;padding-left : 0px;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: #efefef;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-2{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 5px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 5px;padding-left : 0px;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0 0 0;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;margin-left: calc(-0% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 26px 0px 54px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h1><strong data-fusion-font=\"true\" style=\"font-size: 45px;\">Freeway Capping Projects<\/strong><\/h1>\n<h3><strong>Jim Ellis Freeway Park<\/strong><\/h3><\/p>\n<\/div><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" title=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-2.png\" data-orig-src=\"http:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-2-1024x683.png\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-2927\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271350%27%20height%3D%27900%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201350%20900%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271350%27%20height%3D%27900%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-2-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-2-400x267.png 400w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-2-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-2-800x533.png 800w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-2-1200x800.png 1200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1-2.png 1350w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"><br \/>\nThe <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">Jim Ellis Freeway Park <\/strong><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">is a 5 acre park that covers the Interstate 5 leading to downtown Seattle, Washington. It adjoins with the Washington State Convention and Trade Center. It opened on July 4, 1976, and was designed by Angela Danadjieva utilizing a form of brutalist architecture.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The portion of Interstate 5 that runs through Seattle was completed in 1967. It originated as part of a broader freeway plan organized by the Washington state legislature in the early 1950s. One freeway would cut through downtown Seattle by means of eminent domain. Because this was kept hidden from the public, protests from the early 1960s came too late. Instead, civil activists at the time would focus on getting a \u201ccap\u201d for the expressway.<\/p>\n<p>Plans for a freeway cap was spearheaded by Seattle lawyer, Jim Ellis. In 1968, He utilized the \u201cForward Thrust\u201d, a public funding mechanism that was successful in getting various civil and environmental initiatives completed around the city. The $118 million budget for Freeway Park was part of a citywide parks deal consisting of city, county, and state contributions. The resulting Freeway Park utilizes a unique series of structural features, including display fountains and handicap access that completely removes visitors from both the noise of the Interstate 5 traffic and the urban setting. Unfortunately, the complexity of these designs led to a difficulty in general maintenance, which led to under-usage and deterioration of some features. Along with an onset of under-funding, this eventually led to neglect throughout the park, making it a frequent crime scene.<\/p>\n<p>In 2005, a citizen-based movement called the Freeway Park Neighborhood Association (FPNA) made a commitment to revitalize the park. With cooperation from Seattle\u2019s Parks and Recreation Department, plans were set to repair and refine existing infrastructure, improve plantings, and encourage more convention center visitors to use it. This strategy helped make Freeway Park a safer, more active location, which largely reduced crime in the park.<\/p>\n<p>Freeway Park was renamed in 2010 after Jim Ellis, who inspired the park by means of progressive activism that left a major legacy for the city of Seattle.<\/p>\n<\/div><div ><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" title=\"2\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202700%201800%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"http:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2-1-1024x683.png\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-2919\"\/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p>Back in 1962, construction of Interstate 5 sliced through the heart of Seattle, essentially splitting the city in half. Now, local architects <a href=\"http:\/\/patanostudio.com\/\">Patano Studio Architecture<\/a> are hoping to rectify the situation by \u201ccapping\u201d the highway with a two-mile-long elevated park that will provide <a href=\"http:\/\/inhabitat.com\/tag\/affordable-housing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">affordable housing<\/a>, pedestrian paths, bike lanes, and ample green space. The plan would bring much needed community space to the area as well as reducing the noise level and pollution that the area is currently known for.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis space is just so underutilized,\u201d says architect Christopher Patano, director of Patano Studio Architecture. \u201cThis two-mile stretch of Interstate 5 that we\u2019re talking about putting the park on is the most valuable piece of real estate between Vancouver and San Francisco. And right now it\u2019s just the canyon through downtown.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The plan calls for the implementation of a community-focused project, essentially creating a multi-layered neighborhood along the 2-mile stretch of highway. Underneath the <a href=\"http:\/\/inhabitat.com\/tag\/elevated-park\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">elevated green park<\/a> (but still on top of the highway), the designers call for the addition of affordable housing units, as well as a new convention center and arena to the new space.<\/p>\n<p>Pantano explains the design for the park took into account current projects being considered for the city. \u201cAlmost every part of the project we describe, all that complexity, those are all projects that are going to happen,\u201d he says. \u201cThe convention center\u2019s happening, the arena\u2019s happening, public housing has to happen, the freeway has to be rebuilt because it\u2019s at the end of it\u2019s useful life. They all have to happen. So instead of each of these as one distinct problem, we can wrap our arms around all of them together. I think what the result could be for the city is this amazing public space.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-2{width:100% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 26px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 54px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-2{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-2{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-3{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 3%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0 0 0;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;margin-left: calc(-0% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 26px 0px 54px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-1{margin-top:10px!important; margin-right:0px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important;margin-left:0px!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-1{margin-top:10px!important; margin-right:0px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important; margin-left:0px!important;}}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"margin-top:10px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:0px;\"><h1 class=\"title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:55;line-height:1.15;\"><h3><strong>Margaret T. Hance Park<\/strong><\/h3><\/h1><\/div><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" title=\"3\" src=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/3-1.png\" data-orig-src=\"http:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/3-1-600x400.png\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-2920\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202700%201800%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/3-1-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/3-1-400x267.png 400w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/3-1-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/3-1-800x533.png 800w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/3-1-1200x800.png 1200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/3-1.png 2700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p><strong><br \/>\nMargaret T. Hance Park<\/strong> is a 30-acre park near downtown Phoenix, Arizona. It lies on top of a half-mile stretch of the ten-lane Papago Freeway, a portion of the Interstate 10. The park was named in honor of Phoenix Mayor Margaret Taylor Hance, who championed the project during the 1980s.<\/p>\n<p>The project originated with the construction of the Interstate 10 expressway beginning in the 1960s. The thoroughfare in its entirety extends from Jacksonville, Florida to Santa Monica, California. The junction in Phoenix was intended to be an elevated highway. Public opposition halted the plan in 1967 while Arizona\u2019s Department of Transportation (ADOT) sought a more compatible solution. It was later decided to build the junction underground.<\/p>\n<p>Specific plans for a park began in 1983, when solutions were proposed for improving surrounding neighborhoods that had been affected by freeway construction 20 years earlier. A significant amount of its $105 million budget came from the federal level by means of the ADOT. The park was completed and opened in April 1992. It features a wide variety of outdoor facilities, interpretive infrastructure and areas for public recreation. The park is owned and operated by the city of Phoenix while the Hance Park Conservancy handles annual funding for events and park improvements.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-3{width:100% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-3 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 26px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 54px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-3{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-3 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-3{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-3 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-4{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 3%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0 0 0;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;margin-left: calc(-0% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 26px 0px 54px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-2{margin-top:10px!important; margin-right:0px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important;margin-left:0px!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-2{margin-top:10px!important; margin-right:0px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important; margin-left:0px!important;}}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"margin-top:10px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:0px;\"><h1 class=\"title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:55;line-height:1.15;\"><h3><strong>Klyde Warren Park<\/strong><\/h3><\/h1><\/div><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" title=\"4\" src=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/4-1.png\" data-orig-src=\"http:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/4-1-1024x683.png\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-2921\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202700%201800%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/4-1-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/4-1-400x267.png 400w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/4-1-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/4-1-800x533.png 800w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/4-1-1200x800.png 1200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/4-1.png 2700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p><strong><br \/>\nKlyde Warren Park<\/strong> is a 5-acre park in downtown Dallas, TX. It covers a portion of the Woodall Rodgers Freeway (Spur 366). The park opened in 2012, and was named after the son of Dallas philanthropist, Kelcy Warren.<\/p>\n<p>Plans for a freeway cover date nearly as far back as the Woodall Rodgers Freeway. The freeway was approved by the Texas Department of Transportation in 1960, but controversies surrounding the design, local impact, and continued construction funding delayed its completion until 1983. Talks for an overhead park re-emerged in 2002, when Dallas\u2019 real estate developers expressed a desire to improve the landscape of the downtown area.<\/p>\n<p>The proposal received wide support from city and civic leaders. Its $110 million budget came mostly from public funding, but a portion came from the 2009 federal stimulus package. Amazingly, there was no cultural or historical precedence for its conception, but was proudly built \u201cout of thin air\u201d. It has received substantial support from local philanthropists, as well as the Texas DOT. Construction began in 2009 and ended three years later.<\/p>\n<p>Klyde Warren Park boasts a unique layout of \u201crooms\u201d, which encourages visitors to explore park space. Among its many features include a dog park, a restaurant, and plenty of space that promotes pedestrian livelihood. It has been widely praised for improving the public image of downtown Dallas.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-4{width:100% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-4 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 26px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 54px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-4{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-4 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-4{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-4 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-5{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 3%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-6 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0 0 0;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;margin-left: calc(-0% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 26px 0px 54px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-3{margin-top:10px!important; margin-right:0px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important;margin-left:0px!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-3{margin-top:10px!important; margin-right:0px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important; margin-left:0px!important;}}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-3 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"margin-top:10px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:0px;\"><h1 class=\"title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:55;line-height:1.15;\"><h3><strong>Big Dig<\/strong><\/h3><\/h1><\/div><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" title=\"5\" src=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/5-1.png\" data-orig-src=\"http:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/5-1-1024x683.png\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-2922\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202700%201800%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/5-1-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/5-1-400x267.png 400w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/5-1-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/5-1-800x533.png 800w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/5-1-1200x800.png 1200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/5-1.png 2700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Big Dig\u00a0<\/strong>is part of the Central Artery\/Tunnel Project in Boston, MA. The master plan has pertained to a gradual overhaul of much of Boston\u2019s transportation system, including the Central Artery (known to Bostonians as John F. Kennedy Expressway) I-93. With various phases of construction continuing today, the Big Dig is part of the largest and most expensive project of its kind.<\/p>\n<p>Even before freeways became a new transit standard during the 1950s, Boston\u2019s motor traffic has been among the most notoriously congested of any city in the nation. Massachusetts\u2019 Department of Public Works created in 1948 a first master plan that was initially a broad highway system called the Inner Belt. Although the primary objective was to streamline traffic throughout the city of Boston, it pertained to using eminent domain in some of the city\u2019s most prized neighborhoods. Highway construction continued through the 1950s and 1960s, until public revolt led to the cancellation of the remaining plan in 1972. With most traffic centering on the Central Artery, the plan ultimately failed to alleviate the original problem.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the Central Artery separating downtown Boston from its waterfront, and limiting commuter travel to the Logan Airport, the structure itself was deteriorating and quickly becoming inefficient for the daily stream of high-volume traffic it had to accommodate. A new master plan proposed in 1982 that would replace the elevated freeway with an underground tunnel. It would become the centerpiece of a broader plan to restructure roadways, subway tunnels, and bridges throughout the entire city.<\/p>\n<p>The Big Dig received federal funding and began construction in 1991 under the supervision of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority. Despite its high costs and extended delays, the project was completed in 2006. In place of the original imprint of the Central Artery is a new series of public parks and plazas. The centerpiece is the Rose Kennedy Greenway, dedicated in 2008. Like many projects around the nation that reduced dependency on the freeway, the Big Dig dramatically improved public access between downtown and the waterfront, reduced problems with traffic congestion and air pollution, and ultimately paved a path for a new stream of progress in the city of Boston.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-5{width:100% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-5 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 26px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 54px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-5{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-5 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-5{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-5 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-6{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 3%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-7 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0 0 0;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;margin-left: calc(-0% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 26px 0px 54px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><h1><strong>Freeway Removal Projects<\/strong><\/h1>\n<h3><strong>Niagara Scenic Parkway<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" title=\"6\" src=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/6-1.png\" data-orig-src=\"http:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/6-1-1024x683.png\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-2923\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202700%201800%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/6-1-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/6-1-400x267.png 400w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/6-1-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/6-1-800x533.png 800w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/6-1-1200x800.png 1200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/6-1.png 2700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Niagara Scenic Parkway<\/strong>\u00a0is the newly-dubbed name for the former Robert Moses Parkway (NY Route\u00a0957A) in Niagara Falls, New York. The plan removed significant portions of road pavement and freeway entrance\/exit ramps on the northern and southern edges of the parkway.\u00a0The focus of the project is on a two-mile stretch parallel to Niagara Falls State Park. It was approved for funding in 2013 by Governor Andrew Cuomo using part of the first implementation of the Buffalo Billion Program.<\/p>\n<p>Originally built in 1964, the expressway was intended to link the Niagara Thruway (NY Interstate 190) to the Rainbow Bridge, which leads to Niagara Falls, Canada. In addition to being named after a public official who championed expressway construction throughout the 1950\u2019s, the expressway also became notorious for blocking direct access to Niagara Falls State Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1885, which aligns directly with the Niagara River. Periodic renovations continued since the 1980\u2019s due to efforts to preserve and implement more pedestrian and bicycle access to the state park.<\/p>\n<p>Along with reconstructing the northern and southern ends, the project lowered the speed limit from 55 mph to 35 mph, and will also reconstruct portions of Whirlpool and Third Streets. In adherence to the original spirit of Niagara Falls State Park, new bicycle and walking paths will be implemented that will provide direct access from the main roads to the scenic Niagara River. The entire project is scheduled to be completed by 2020.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-6{width:100% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-6 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 26px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 54px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-6{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-6 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-6{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-6 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-7{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 3%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-8 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0 0 0;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;margin-left: calc(-0% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 26px 0px 54px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><h3><strong>McKinley Avenue<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" title=\"7\" src=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/7-1.png\" data-orig-src=\"http:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/7-1-1024x683.png\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-2924\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202700%201800%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/7-1-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/7-1-400x267.png 400w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/7-1-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/7-1-800x533.png 800w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/7-1-1200x800.png 1200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/7-1.png 2700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>McKinley Avenue<\/strong>\u00a0is a newly-restored boulevard on the waterfront of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was built in 2002 along Milwaukee River, in place of the Park East Freeway. The freeway was built against public opposition in the 1960s, and was intended to be part of a larger freeway system for downtown Milwaukee that was never realized. The 0.8 mile roadway separated the city\u2019s central business district from the rest of the city, which largely limited access downtown, discouraged nearby property development, and destroyed portions of the city street grid.<\/p>\n<p>In the late 1990s, then-mayor John Norquist famously led a public campaign to remove Park East Freeway. In the wake of redevelopment downtown, which was centered along Milwaukee River, the area surrounding the freeway was deteriorating along with the freeway itself. The 2001 demolition of Park East Freeway cost $45 million with various funding sources from city, state, and federal levels. The new McKinley Avenue was supported by a new form-based code led by city planner Peter Park, which along with restoring the street grid of the affected area, encouraged subsequent development.<\/p>\n<p>Today, McKinley Avenue has become a highly desirable location for residential and commercial reinvestment in downtown Milwaukee. Increased property values in this area, more significantly along the original imprint of the Park East Freeway, has been higher than the property value increases throughout the city. The area centered on McKinley Avenue has been praised as a walkable urban community.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-7{width:100% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-7 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 26px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 54px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-7{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-7 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-7{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-7 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-8{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 3%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-9 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0 0 0;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;margin-left: calc(-0% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 26px 0px 54px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><h3><strong>Embarcadero Plaza<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-8 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" title=\"8\" src=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/8-1.png\" data-orig-src=\"http:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/8-1-1024x683.png\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-2925\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202700%201800%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/8-1-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/8-1-400x267.png 400w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/8-1-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/8-1-800x533.png 800w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/8-1-1200x800.png 1200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/8-1.png 2700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>Embarcadero<\/strong>\u00a0is the waterfront area and major transportation corridor of San Francisco, California. It evolved from a central roadway bounded by a seawall that was established off the coast of San Francisco Bay in the 1860s. Over the decades, it became useful for multiple modes of transportation and commercial activities with the city of Oakland, culminating with the 1936 construction of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge.<\/p>\n<p>The Bay Bridge inadvertently led to a decline for the Embarcadero corridor. Simultaneous to a lesser dependency of sea transportation in San Francisco Bay was a proliferation of automobile usage following World War II. This inspired a roadway that would link Bay Bridge with the Golden Gate Bridge. Against a series of public oppositions, the double-decker Embarcadero Freeway (California Route 480) was built throughout the 1960s. For the next three decades, the city of San Francisco would be separated from its waterfront.<\/p>\n<p>The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake severely damaged the Embarcadero Freeway. Then-Mayor of San Francisco Art Agnos proposed to demolish the entire thoroughfare in favor of an at-grade boulevard. Although freeway traffic was now closed, public protests at the time hoping to\u00a0<em>save<\/em>\u00a0the freeway believed demolition would cause massive auto congestion throughout the city. With state and federal support, it was ultimately decided that a $50 million boulevard would be more practical than spending $70 million on freeway repairs. Upon the Freeway\u2019s demolition in 1991, commuter ridership of San Francisco\u2019s Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system saw an increase, and much of the freeway\u2019s motor traffic dispersed through many under-utilized areas of the city\u2019s street grid.<\/p>\n<p>The new Embarcadero Boulevard built during the 1990s served as the anchor for a new stream of commercial plazas, housing, and public spaces. With a newfound investment in pedestrian traffic, it was also used to expand portions of San Francisco\u2019s BART system. Ultimately, more than 100 acres of waterfront land, including former industrial space saw dramatic increases in property values and employment.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-8{width:100% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-8 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 26px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 54px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-8{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-8 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-8{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-8 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-9{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 3%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-10 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0 0 0;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;margin-left: calc(-0% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 26px 0px 54px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><h3><strong>Tom McCall Waterfront Park<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-9 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" title=\"9\" src=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/9-1.png\" data-orig-src=\"http:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/9-1-1024x683.png\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-2926\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202700%201800%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272700%27%20height%3D%271800%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/9-1-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/9-1-400x267.png 400w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/9-1-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/9-1-800x533.png 800w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/9-1-1200x800.png 1200w, https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/9-1.png 2700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tom McCall Waterfront Park<\/strong>\u00a0is a park located on the waterfront of Portland, Oregon along the Willamette River. Since its opening in 1978, it has become a popular destination for many of the city\u2019s cultural events and festivals. It has been recognized as a national triumph in freeway removal.<\/p>\n<p>Preceding the park was Harbor Drive, a limited-access freeway that was built in 1943. The initial function was to transport drivers to interstate roadways extending throughout the Pacific Coast states (California, Oregon, and Washington) by taking them straight through Portland. The construction of alternate roads and bridges throughout the 1960s, leading to Interstate 45 and Interstate 495 soon reduced daily ridership of Harbor Drive. The thoroughfare most notably limited Portland\u2019s access to Willamette River. Plans for expanding the freeway would be cancelled.<\/p>\n<p>A 1968 public task force spearheaded by then-Governor of Oregon Tom McCall made a recommendation for a new park along the Willamette River. It adhered to a broader plan from the earlier 20<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0Century that would link Portland to the waterways with parks and greenspace. The park proposal was backed by the Riverfront for Citizens Coalition. Already unpopular and quickly becoming obsolete, Harbor Drive closed in 1974. Portions of the original freeway still exist in other parts of Portland, though that along with adjoining roadways were built to accommodate pedestrian traffic, encouraging direct access to the waterfront.<\/p>\n<p>The 37-acre Waterfront Park was named in Tom McCall\u2019s honor in 1984. The park\u2019s success led to an increase in downtown Portland redevelopment, and encouraged more public space to be built along Willamette River by the 1990s. Today, it is highly praised for its citizen-based development, which became a major influence on other freeway-removal studies across the country.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-9{width:100% !important;margin-top : 10px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-9 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 26px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 54px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-9{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-9 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-9{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-9 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-10{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 3%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0%;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-11 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0 0 0;border-color:#e7e4e2;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;margin-left: calc(-0% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 26px 0px 54px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><h1><strong><span style=\"font-size: 45px;\" data-fusion-font=\"true\">Pending Proposals<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There are many other successful examples throughout the United States of neighborhoods that have flourished since reducing or eliminating freeway reliance. Similar undertakings have been made in some larger cities around the world. Due to a recent reinvestment in the Upstate New York region, communities have been working to improve neighborhoods by seeking solutions for aging thoroughfares.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I-81\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An elevated highway built during the 1960s in Syracuse, NY. Plans have been discussed since 2012 about the possible removal of the structure.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Skyway<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A portion of NY Route 5 cutting through Downtown Buffalo was declared \u201cfunctionally obsolete\u201d by the NYSDOT\u2019s own analysis from 2008. It has become unpopular for its closures during poor weather conditions, and for separating the city\u2019s inner and outer harbors. The Skyway lies on inner harbor acreage that could be better used capitalizing Canalside redevelopment. The cost would be roughly $110 million to retain the structure, versus $25 million to remove it. Removal would be accompanied by $75 million harbor bridge, which is currently being studied to improve access to the outer harbor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I-10<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>New Orleans, Louisiana<\/p>\n<p><strong>I-275<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tampa, Florida<\/p>\n<p><strong>I-345<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dallas, Texas<\/p>\n<p><strong>I-35<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Austin, Texas<\/p>\n<p><strong>I-5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Portland, Oregon<\/p>\n<p><strong>I-64<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Louisville, Kentucky<\/p>\n<p><strong>I-70<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Denver, Colorado<\/p>\n<p><strong>I-980<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Oakland, California<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-10{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-10 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 26px !important;margin-right : 0%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 54px !important;margin-left : 0%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-10{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-10 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-10{width:100% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-10 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 0%;margin-left : 0%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-11{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 3%;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0%;}<\/style><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Mission Possible! Freeway Capping Projects Jim Ellis Freeway Park The Jim Ellis Freeway Park is a 5 acre park that covers the Interstate 5 leading to downtown Seattle, Washington. It adjoins with the Washington State Convention and Trade Center. It opened on July 4, 1976, and was designed by Angela Danadjieva utilizing a form of brutalist architecture. The portion of Interstate 5 that runs through Seattle was completed in 1967. It originated as part of a broader freeway plan organized by the Washington state legislature in the early 1950s. One freeway would cut through downtown Seattle by means of eminent domain. [...]","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2908","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2908","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2908"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2908\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2928,"href":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2908\/revisions\/2928"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2908"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2908"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roccbuffalo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2908"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}